Fuel Cell Technology

fuel-cell-technology


Brief about Fuel Cell Technology:-

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Fuel Cell Technology is an innovative and sustainable solution that holds great promise for a cleaner and more efficient energy future. Unlike traditional combustion engines, fuel cells generate electricity through an electrochemical reaction, utilizing hydrogen as fuel and combining it with oxygen from the air. 

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This process produces electricity, water vapor, and heat as byproducts, with zero emissions of harmful pollutants. Fuel cells offer numerous advantages, such as high energy efficiency, quiet operation, and versatility across various applications, including transportation, stationary power generation, and portable devices. 

As they rely on a continuous supply of hydrogen, efforts are being made to develop infrastructure and technologies for hydrogen production, storage, and distribution. With its potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels, Fuel Cell Technology is paving the way for a sustainable energy landscape and a greener planet.

Introduction of Fuel Cell:-

Fuel cells are a cutting-edge technology that has gained considerable attention as a clean and efficient alternative to traditional power sources. They offer a promising solution for meeting the increasing energy demands while minimizing environmental impacts. 

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Fuel cells generate electricity through an electrochemical process, utilizing a fuel, such as hydrogen, and an oxidizing agent, usually oxygen from the air. Unlike combustion engines, fuel cells do not rely on burning fossil fuels, making them highly efficient and producing minimal or zero harmful emissions. 

With their versatility and potential applications in various sectors, fuel cells are poised to revolutionize the way we generate power and contribute to a sustainable and greener future.

Type of Fuel Cell:-

There are several types of fuel cells, each with its own unique characteristics and applications. Some of the commonly used types include:

1. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC):-

PEMFCs operate at relatively low temperatures and use a solid polymer membrane as an electrolyte. They are lightweight, compact, and have fast start-up times, making them suitable for transportation applications, such as cars and buses.

2. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC):-

SOFCs operate at high temperatures and use a solid ceramic electrolyte. They are known for their high efficiency and ability to directly use a variety of fuels, including hydrogen, natural gas, and biogas. SOFCs are primarily used for stationary power generation in applications like residential, commercial, and industrial sectors.

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3. Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC):-

MCFCs operate at high temperatures and use a molten carbonate salt mixture as an electrolyte. They can tolerate impurities in the fuel, making them suitable for utilizing a wide range of fuels, including natural gas and biogas. MCFCs are commonly used for stationary power generation in large-scale applications.

4. Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC):-

PAFCs operate at moderate temperatures and use phosphoric acid as an electrolyte. They have good efficiency and can operate on reformed hydrogen or methanol. PAFCs are often used for stationary power generation in applications such as hospitals, schools, and wastewater treatment plants.

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5. Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC):-

AFCs use an alkaline electrolyte, typically potassium hydroxide, and were one of the first types of fuel cells developed. They have high efficiency and can use a variety of fuels. However, they are sensitive to carbon dioxide and require pure hydrogen fuel. AFCs are primarily used in niche applications, such as space exploration and submarine propulsion.

These are just a few examples of the different types of fuel cells available, each with its own advantages and limitations. Ongoing research and development are focused on improving their performance, durability, and cost-effectiveness to further enhance their viability as a clean energy solution.

Working Function of Fuel Cell:-

1. Working Function of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC):-

The Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) operates through a series of electrochemical reactions that enable the conversion of hydrogen fuel into electricity. Here is a simplified explanation of its working function:

  • Hydrogen Supply:-

The PEMFC requires a steady supply of hydrogen as the fuel. The hydrogen can be obtained from various sources, such as reforming natural gas or electrolysis of water.

  • Hydrogen Anode:-

The hydrogen fuel is fed into the anode side of the fuel cell. At the anode, the hydrogen molecules (H2) are split into protons (H+) and electrons (e-) by a catalyst, typically platinum. The protons are released into the electrolyte while the electrons flow through an external circuit, generating electrical current.

  • Proton Exchange Membrane:-

The PEMFC utilizes a special polymer electrolyte membrane, typically made of a fluorinated polymer like Nafion. This membrane only allows protons to pass through while blocking electrons and gas molecules.

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  • Oxygen Cathode:-

On the cathode side of the fuel cell, oxygen from the air is supplied. It combines with electrons from the external circuit and protons that have passed through the membrane to form water (H2O). The cathode typically employs another catalyst, usually platinum, to facilitate the oxygen reduction reaction.

  • Electrical Power Output:-

The flow of electrons through the external circuit creates an electrical current that can be harnessed to power electrical devices or charge batteries. The overall reaction in the PEMFC is the electrochemical combination of hydrogen and oxygen to produce water, releasing energy in the form of electricity.

  • Heat and Water Vapor:-

Alongside electricity generation, the PEMFC produces heat and water vapor as byproducts of the electrochemical reactions. The heat can be utilized for various purposes, such as space heating or combined heat and power systems, while the water vapor is typically expelled from the fuel cell.

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  • Note:-

The key advantage of the PEMFC is its relatively low operating temperature, typically ranging from 60 to 90 degrees Celsius (140 to 194 degrees Fahrenheit). This allows for fast start-up times, compact design, and efficiency in a wide range of applications, including transportation, portable devices, and stationary power generation.

2. Working Function of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC):-

The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) operates based on high-temperature electrochemical reactions, converting a fuel source, such as hydrogen or hydrocarbon, into electricity. Here is an overview of its working function:

  • Fuel Supply:-

The SOFC requires a fuel source, which can be hydrogen gas (H2) or hydrocarbon fuels like natural gas or biogas. The fuel is typically provided to the anode side of the fuel cell.

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  • Anode Reactions:- 

At the anode, the fuel undergoes several electrochemical reactions. If the fuel is a hydrocarbon, it needs to be reformed into hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide (CO2) before entering the cell. The reforming process usually occurs externally. At the anode, the hydrogen molecules (H2) or reformed hydrogen gas release electrons (e-) and create positively charged hydrogen ions (H+) through a catalyst, often composed of nickel.

  • Oxygen Cathode:- 

On the cathode side of the SOFC, oxygen from the air is supplied. The oxygen molecules (O2) from the air combine with electrons and the negatively charged oxygen ions (O2-) that have traveled through the electrolyte to form oxide ions (O2-). This reaction occurs through another catalyst, typically based on perovskite materials.

  • Electrolyte:- 

The SOFC employs a dense ceramic electrolyte, usually made of zirconium oxide stabilized with yttrium oxide (YSZ). This electrolyte allows only the passage of oxygen ions (O2-) from the cathode to the anode while blocking the electrons and other gases.

  • Ion Conduction:- 

The oxygen ions (O2-) migrate through the electrolyte from the cathode to the anode. This movement occurs due to the difference in oxygen partial pressure between the two sides of the cell. This migration of ions completes the electrochemical circuit.

  • Electrical Power Output:-

As the oxygen ions travel through the electrolyte, they react with the hydrogen ions (H+) at the anode. This reaction generates water vapor (H2O) and releases electrons (e-) that flow through an external circuit, producing electrical power.

  • Heat Recovery:-

The high-temperature operation of SOFCs (typically 800 to 1000 degrees Celsius or 1472 to 1832 degrees Fahrenheit) allows for efficient heat recovery. The waste heat produced can be utilized for various purposes, such as steam generation, cogeneration, or heating applications.

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  • Note:-

The solid oxide fuel cell offers several advantages, including high energy conversion efficiency, fuel flexibility, and potential for carbon capture and utilization. It is primarily used in stationary power generation applications, where its high-temperature operation is less of a constraint compared to mobile applications. Ongoing research focuses on reducing the operating temperature and improving the durability and cost-effectiveness of SOFC technology for broader deployment.

3. Working Function of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC):-

The Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) is a type of high-temperature fuel cell that operates through the electrochemical conversion of fuel into electricity. Here is an overview of its working function:

  • Fuel Supply:-

The MCFC requires a fuel source, which is typically a hydrocarbon fuel like natural gas or biogas. The fuel is supplied to the anode side of the fuel cell.

  • Anode Reactions:-

At the anode, the fuel undergoes several electrochemical reactions. If the fuel is a hydrocarbon, it needs to be reformed into hydrogen gas (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) before entering the cell. The reforming process typically takes place externally. At the anode, the hydrogen molecules release electrons (e-) and create positively charged hydrogen ions (H+). The fuel oxidation reaction occurs in the presence of a catalyst, often nickel-based.

  • Oxygen Cathode:-

On the cathode side of the MCFC, oxygen (O2) from the air is supplied. The oxygen molecules combine with electrons and the negatively charged oxygen ions (O2-) that have traveled through the electrolyte to form oxide ions (O2-). This reaction occurs through a catalyst, usually based on a porous, mixed metal oxide.

  • Molten Carbonate Electrolyte:-

The MCFC employs a molten carbonate electrolyte, typically a mixture of lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) and potassium carbonate (K2CO3). This electrolyte allows the movement of carbonate ions (CO3^2-) from the cathode to the anode and vice versa.

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  • Ion Conduction:-

The carbonate ions (CO3^2-) migrate through the molten carbonate electrolyte from the cathode to the anode. This movement occurs due to the difference in carbonate ion concentration between the two sides of the cell. The migration of ions completes the electrochemical circuit.

  • Anode Reactions:-

At the anode, the carbonate ions (CO3^2-) react with the hydrogen ions (H+) to produce water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). These reactions release electrons (e-) that flow through an external circuit, generating electrical power.

  • Heat Recovery:-

MCFCs operate at high temperatures, typically around 650 to 750 degrees Celsius (1202 to 1382 degrees Fahrenheit). This enables the efficient recovery of waste heat for various purposes, such as steam generation or cogeneration applications.

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  • Note:-

The Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell offers advantages such as high efficiency, fuel flexibility, and potential for capturing carbon dioxide emissions. It is commonly used in stationary power generation applications, particularly in large-scale systems like power plants and industrial facilities. Ongoing research aims to improve the durability, reduce costs, and enhance the overall performance of MCFCs for broader commercial deployment.

4. Working Function of Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC):-

The Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) is a type of fuel cell that operates through the electrochemical conversion of fuel into electricity. Here is an overview of its working function:

  • Fuel Supply:-

The PAFC requires a fuel source, typically hydrogen gas (H2) or a hydrocarbon fuel like natural gas or methanol. The fuel is supplied to the anode side of the fuel cell.

  • Anode Reactions:-

At the anode, if the fuel is a hydrocarbon, it needs to be reformed into hydrogen gas (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) before entering the cell. This reforming process usually occurs externally. At the anode, the hydrogen molecules release electrons (e-) and create positively charged hydrogen ions (H+). The fuel oxidation reaction occurs in the presence of a catalyst, often platinum-based.

  • Phosphoric Acid Electrolyte:-

The PAFC uses a phosphoric acid electrolyte, typically in the form of concentrated phosphoric acid (H3PO4), soaked in a porous matrix made of a material like silicon carbide. This electrolyte facilitates the movement of protons (H+) from the anode to the cathode while blocking the electrons and other gases.

  • Oxygen Cathode:-

On the cathode side of the PAFC, oxygen (O2) from the air is supplied. The oxygen molecules combine with electrons and protons that have traveled through the electrolyte, forming water (H2O). This reaction occurs through a catalyst, often platinum-based.

  • Ion Conduction:-

The protons (H+) generated at the anode move through the phosphoric acid electrolyte to the cathode side. This migration of ions completes the electrochemical circuit.

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  • Electrical Power Output:-

As the protons migrate through the electrolyte, they combine with the electrons from the anode's fuel oxidation reaction at the cathode. This union of protons and electrons produces water (H2O) and releases electrons that flow through an external circuit, generating electrical power.

  • Heat Recovery:-

PAFCs operate at relatively high temperatures, typically around 150 to 200 degrees Celsius (302 to 392 degrees Fahrenheit). This allows for efficient heat recovery, which can be utilized for various purposes such as space heating, water heating, or cogeneration applications.

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  • Note:-

The Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell offers advantages such as good efficiency, fuel flexibility, and durability. It is commonly used in stationary power generation applications, such as hospitals, schools, and wastewater treatment plants. Ongoing research focuses on improving the performance, cost-effectiveness, and lifespan of PAFCs to expand their use in various sectors.

5. Working Function of Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC):-

The Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) is a type of fuel cell that operates through the electrochemical conversion of fuel into electricity. Here is an overview of its working function:

  • Fuel Supply:-

The AFC requires a fuel source, typically hydrogen gas (H2). The fuel is supplied to the anode side of the fuel cell.

  • Anode Reactions:-

At the anode, the hydrogen molecules (H2) are split into protons (H+) and electrons (e-) through a catalyst, often composed of platinum or another noble metal. The protons are released into the electrolyte while the electrons flow through an external circuit, generating electrical current.

  • Alkaline Electrolyte:-

The AFC utilizes a liquid alkaline electrolyte, commonly potassium hydroxide (KOH) dissolved in water. This electrolyte allows the movement of hydroxide ions (OH-) from the cathode to the anode and vice versa.

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  • Oxygen Cathode:-

On the cathode side of the AFC, oxygen (O2) from the air is supplied. The oxygen molecules combine with electrons and hydroxide ions (OH-) that have traveled through the electrolyte, forming water (H2O). This reaction occurs through a catalyst, often silver oxide (AgO) or nickel oxide (NiO).

  • Ion Conduction:-

The hydroxide ions (OH-) migrate through the alkaline electrolyte from the cathode to the anode. This movement occurs due to the difference in hydroxide ion concentration between the two sides of the cell. The migration of ions completes the electrochemical circuit.

  • Electrical Power Output:-

As the hydroxide ions migrate through the electrolyte, they react with the protons at the anode. This reaction generates water (H2O) and releases electrons (e-) that flow through an external circuit, producing electrical power.

  • Heat and Water Vapor:-

Alongside electricity generation, the AFC produces heat and water vapor as byproducts of the electrochemical reactions. The heat can be utilized for various purposes, such as space heating or combined heat and power systems, while the water vapor is typically expelled from the fuel cell.

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  • Note:-

The Alkaline Fuel Cell offers advantages such as high efficiency, low-cost catalysts, and good performance at low temperatures. It has been primarily used in specialized applications such as space exploration and submarine propulsion due to its sensitivity to carbon dioxide and requirement for pure hydrogen fuel. However, ongoing research aims to improve the durability, cost-effectiveness, and broader applicability of AFCs in order to expand their use in various sectors.

What are Challenges for Fuel Cell Technology Adopted in India:-

Fuel Cell Technology faces several challenges in India, hindering its widespread adoption and implementation. Some of the key challenges include:

1. High Cost:-

The cost of fuel cell systems, especially those using expensive materials like platinum as catalysts, remains high. This makes Fuel Cell Technology less economically competitive compared to conventional energy sources in India. Efforts are underway to reduce costs through research and development, scale-up production, and advancements in catalyst materials.

2. Infrastructure for Production:-

Establishing a robust infrastructure for the production, storage, and distribution of hydrogen fuel is a significant challenge. India needs to develop a hydrogen supply chain that includes hydrogen production, storage, transportation, and refueling stations. The lack of a well-developed hydrogen infrastructure hinders the widespread deployment of fuel cell vehicles and stationary fuel cell systems.

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3. Fuel Availability:-

Hydrogen, the primary fuel for Fuel Cell Technology, is currently not produced in large quantities in India. Most hydrogen is imported, leading to dependency on foreign sources. Developing indigenous hydrogen production methods, such as electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources, will be crucial for the sustainable growth of Fuel Cell Technology.

4. Public Awareness and Acceptance:-

Fuel Cell Technology is still relatively unfamiliar to the general public in India. There is a need to raise awareness and educate stakeholders about the benefits, applications, and potential of fuel cells. Promoting public acceptance and understanding of Fuel Cell Technology is essential for its successful adoption and integration into various sectors.

5. Policy and Regulatory Support:-

Clear and supportive policies and regulations are crucial for the development and deployment of Fuel Cell Technology. The Indian government needs to implement favorable policies, incentives, and regulations to encourage research, development, and commercialization of fuel cell systems. This includes initiatives such as financial incentives, tax benefits, and supportive regulations for hydrogen production, storage, and usage.

6. Research and Development:-

Continued investment in research and development is necessary to improve the efficiency, durability, and cost-effectiveness of fuel cell systems. Collaborative efforts between industry, academia, and research institutions are needed to address specific challenges related to Fuel Cell Technology in the Indian context.

Note:-

Addressing these challenges will require a multi-faceted approach involving government support, private sector involvement, research and development efforts, and collaboration with international partners. With concerted efforts and a supportive ecosystem, Fuel Cell Technology can play a significant role in India's energy transition and contribute to a more sustainable future.

Carry Out Analysis of Fuel Cell Technology:-

Fuel Cell Technology is a promising and innovative approach to generate electricity with high efficiency and reduced environmental impact. Let's analyze this technology from different perspectives.

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1. Efficiency:-

Fuel cells offer higher energy conversion efficiencies compared to traditional combustion-based power generation methods. They can convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy with efficiencies ranging from 40% to 60% or even higher, depending on the type of fuel cell. This high efficiency is due to the electrochemical process, which avoids the thermodynamic limitations of heat engines.

2. Environmental Impact:-

Fuel cells produce electricity with significantly lower emissions compared to conventional power generation methods. The primary byproducts of fuel cell operation are water vapor and heat, resulting in minimal air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, especially when hydrogen fuel is derived from renewable sources. However, the environmental impact of fuel cells is also influenced by the source of fuel used, as certain fuels may have associated carbon dioxide or pollutant emissions during their production or conversion.

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3. Fuel Flexibility:-

Fuel cells can utilize a wide range of fuels, including hydrogen, natural gas, methanol, ethanol, and biogas. This fuel flexibility allows for the utilization of various feedstocks, promoting energy diversity and reducing dependence on a single fuel source. Hydrogen, in particular, is a versatile fuel that can be produced from renewable sources through processes like electrolysis, offering the potential for carbon-neutral or even carbon-negative operations.

4. Applications:-

Fuel cells have diverse applications across various sectors. They are used in stationary power generation for homes, offices, and industries, providing both electricity and heat through combined heat and power (CHP) systems. Fuel cells are also being developed for transportation, including fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) and buses, offering zero-emission alternatives to conventional internal combustion engines. Moreover, fuel cells find application in portable devices, backup power systems, and even space exploration missions.

5. Challenges:-

Despite its potential, Fuel Cell Technology faces several challenges that need to be addressed for broader adoption. These challenges include high initial costs, limited infrastructure for hydrogen production and distribution, durability and lifetime of fuel cell systems, availability of catalyst materials, and public acceptance. Overcoming these challenges requires continued research and development, policy support, public awareness, and investment in infrastructure.

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6. Future Outlook:-

Fuel Cell Technology holds promise as a sustainable and efficient energy solution. Ongoing advancements in materials, catalysts, and system design are driving improvements in performance, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Continued research efforts, coupled with supportive policies and infrastructure development, will be essential for fuel cells to reach their full potential and contribute to the transition to a cleaner and more sustainable energy future.

Note:-

Fuel Cell Technology offers a clean, efficient, and versatile approach to electricity generation with a range of applications. Despite existing challenges, the ongoing advancements and increasing interest in sustainable energy solutions make fuel cells a promising technology for the future.

Recommendation for Incorporating of Fuel Cell Technology in Army's Vehicle:-

Incorporating Fuel Cell Technology in army vehicles can provide several benefits, including reduced emissions, improved operational efficiency, and enhanced reliability. Here are some recommendations for the successful integration of Fuel Cell Technology in army vehicles:

1. Performance and Durability:-

Prioritize research and development efforts to optimize fuel cell systems for the specific requirements of army vehicles. Focus on enhancing system performance, durability, and resistance to harsh operating conditions commonly encountered in military operations, such as extreme temperatures, vibrations, and dust.

2. Operational Flexibility:-

Design fuel cell systems that offer operational flexibility to meet the varied mission requirements of army vehicles. Consider fuel cell systems that can utilize multiple fuel sources, such as hydrogen or logistics fuels like JP-8, to ensure compatibility with existing fuel infrastructure and enhance operational readiness.

3. Tactical Energy Independence:-

Explore the use of Fuel Cell Technology to provide tactical energy independence to army vehicles. Integrate fuel cell systems with energy storage technologies, such as batteries or supercapacitors, to enable silent watch capabilities, reduce fuel consumption during idle times, and provide power for onboard electronics and auxiliary systems.

4. Fuel Supply and Infrastructure:-

Develop a secure and reliable supply chain for hydrogen fuel or other fuel sources required for fuel cell operation in military contexts. Establish mobile hydrogen refueling capabilities or explore technologies for on-board hydrogen generation to ensure uninterrupted fuel supply in remote or austere environments.

5. Lightweight and Compact Design:-

Emphasize lightweight and compact fuel cell system design to minimize the impact on vehicle payload and mobility. Use advanced materials, innovative engineering, and system integration techniques to reduce the size, weight, and footprint of fuel cell systems while maintaining performance and durability.

6. Training and Maintenance:-

Provide comprehensive training to army personnel regarding the operation, maintenance, and safety procedures associated with fuel cell systems. Develop specialized training programs for Fuel Cell Technology to ensure effective utilization, troubleshooting, and routine maintenance by army personnel in the field.

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7. Collaboration and Testing:-

Foster collaboration between defense agencies, fuel cell manufacturers, and research institutions to jointly develop and test Fuel Cell Technology for army vehicles. Conduct thorough field testing and evaluations to validate the performance, reliability, and suitability of fuel cell systems in various operational scenarios.

8. Funding and Incentives:-

Allocate sufficient funding for research, development, and procurement of fuel cell systems for army vehicles. Provide incentives and grants to encourage the adoption of Fuel Cell Technology in military applications. Public-private partnerships can also be pursued to leverage expertise and resources for accelerated technology development and deployment.

Note:-

By implementing these recommendations, Fuel Cell Technology can offer significant advantages in terms of operational efficiency, sustainability, and energy independence for army vehicles. The collaboration between defense organizations, industry partners, and research institutions will be essential for successfully integrating Fuel Cell Technology into military operations.


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